Paul the apostle :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONJohn Wycliff was a theologian and early proponent of tidy in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He initiated the first translation of the Bible into the English language and is considered the main precursor of the Protestant Reformation. Wycliff was innate(p) at Ipreswell, Yorkshire, England, between 1320 and 1330. He died at Lutterworth December 31, 1384.John Wycliffs family was of early Saxon origin, long settled in Yorkshire. In his day the family was a large one, covering a considerable territory. 1324 is the year usually given for Wycliffs birth. Wycliff probably received his early education close to home. It is not known when he first went to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected till the end of his life.He was at Oxford in about 1345, when a series of illustrious call was adding glory to the fame of the university, such as those of Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam, and Richard Fitzralph. Wycliff owed much to Occam. He showed an interest in natural science and mathematics, but applied himself to the study of theology, ecclesiastical law, and philosophy. point Wycliffs opponents acknowledged the keenness of his dialectic. Wycliffs writings prove that he was well grounded in Roman and English law, as well as in native history. A family whose seat was in the neighborhood of Wycliffs home, Bernard Castle, founded Balliol College, Oxford to which Wycliffe belonged, first as scholar, then as master. He attained the headship no later than 1360. When he was presented by the college (1361) with the parish of Fylingham in Lincolnshire, he had to give up the leadership of Balliol, though he could continue to live at Oxford. His university career followed the usual course. While as bachelors degree he busied himself with natural science and mathematics, as master he had the right to read in philosophy. More significant was his interest in Bible study, which he pursued after becoming bachelo r in theology. His performance led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him at the head of Canterbury Hall in 1365. Between 1366 and 1372 he became a doctor of theology. In 1368 he gave up his living at Fylingham and took over the rectory of Ludgershall in Buckinghamshire, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university.It was not as a teacher or preacher that Wycliffe gained his position in history this came from his activities in ecclesiastical politics, in which he engaged about the mid-1370s, when his reformatory work also began.

The Creation of Encyclopedia :: History Philosophy Philosophers essays

The Creation of Encyclopedia Websters New World Dictionary defines the Enlightenment as an 18th-century European philosophical movement characterized by rationalism, an impetus toward learning, and a spirit of skepticism and empiricism in social and political thought. During this period of enlightenment, the way the world was viewed changed in a large start because of the group of philosophers known as the philosophes. During the Enlightenment the greatest philosophical movement of the philosophes was the creation of the Encylopedie ou Dicionnaire raisonne des sciences des arts et des mtiers, or in English the rational dictionary of the sciences, the arts and the crafts, otherwise known as the Encyclopedia. The philosophes encyclopedia is regarded so highly because it brought about a new way of thinking, an edify way of thinking. The encyclopedia, according to the Electric Library, dates back to Aristotle and his attempts at compiling large amounts of information. Other encyclopedias were written after Aristotles attempt, including one that was published just a some years before the philosophes Encyclopedia, the Ephraim Chamberss Cyclopaedia. (1) According to the Denis Diderot History web page, the Ephraim Chamberss Cyclopaedia was the inspiration for the philosophes Encyclopedia. The intention was to create a French translation of the Ephraim Chamberss Cyclopaedia, but when Denis Diderot was hired as editor, the outlook of the Encyclopedia changed. Diderot did not want a mere translation instead he wanted an encyclopedia that would enlighten and explain every feeling of existence. (1) Denis Diderot and another editor, Jean le Rond dAlembert, a noted scientist and mathematician, started working on the Encyclopedia in 1745. Among the many responsibilities of creating such a big compilation of knowledge, was purpose authors to write the Encyclopedia. To accomplish this task, Diderot and dAlembert employed the services of some of the great est minds of the time people like Voltaire, Turgot, Quesnay, dHolbach, Montesquieu, Buffon, and Rousseau. Robert Morrissey summed up the philosophes efforts by saying that, these great minds (and some lesser ones) collaborated in the goal of assembling and disseminating in clear, accessible prose the fruits of accumulated knowledge and learning. (2) The Encyclopedia itself consists of seventeen volumes with a total of roughly 72,000 terms and 16,500 pages. According to Morrisey, the typical article includes the head word, its part of speech and gender, the category of knowledge to which the article belongs (e.

Premature Infancy Essay -- Babies Birth Early Premature Essays

Premature InfancyPremature babies, otherwise known as preterm babies, or preemies, arebabies that are born anterior than the full-term of cardinal- eight-spot to forty-twoweeks of pregnancy. These babies are generally born between the twentieth andthirty-eighth week. Almost 250,000 babies, nearly s even so percent of newborns,are premature(Golant 4). Prematurity, even with all the advances in technology,is still a major cause of fetal and neonatal death. Actually, around seventy-five percent of perinatal deaths are due to a number of problems associatedwith prematurity(Freeman 232). Premature babies are very weak and defenseless,and need to be hospitalized. One reason for this is that a baby may becomestartled into surprise by a loud sound or even bright light. This occurs becausemany babies soak up fully-developed senses and developing organs, which maybecome a problem, since the brain may not be developed well enough to be ableto distinguish these different senses, which caus es the baby to panic and losecontrol of its actions.The main underdeveloped parts of a premature baby are its organs,chiefly the lungs and the brain. The lungs are developed in the last few weeksof pregnancy, and if the child is born before the thirty sixth week, he/she mayrequire some special attention. Usually, the child is monitored closely forthe first few weeks of its life, in order to make sure there is no problemswith the breathing or any other function of its body. The premature baby exitprobably need supplemental oxygen to help it through the early stages, butrarely will it need an actual respirator or other life-supporting device on afull-time twenty cardinal hour basis. In fact, giving the baby too untold oxygen maycomplicate problems, such as damages to the eyes. This is caused by a over-teemingness of oxygen in the blood stream, which in turn causes the blood vesselsof the eye to expand, damaging the eye. This problem is one of the mainconcerns when bearing a pre-t erm baby versus a full-term baby.Another difference, probably the most noticeable one, is the size andweight of the baby. A preemie will look thin and helpless, and will also havetransparent skin. Blood vessels, veins and bones are sometimes visible throughthe skin of these babies. This is because the skin of a premature baby is veryfragile and tend... ... eight to forty twoweeks, and must get rid of the children from the uterus in order to return thebody to normal and prevent any injuries from occurring inside the mothers womb. many an(prenominal) advances are occurring everyday which enable mothers to feel saferwith the care of premature babies. New drugs are being developed and newmethods are being tested to check out the security of a preemie, enabling the rateof deaths and the rate of premature babies born to both be lowered. Asrecently as 1986, premature babies had a much lower chance of survival, andwith the help of experts, this factor has been greatly reduced. Hopefully, bythe time our generation or our childrens generation begins to think aboutbearing children, there will not be much of a risk of having a premature baby.Works CitedFreeman, Roger, and Pescar, Susan. Safe Delivery Protecting Your Baby DuringHigh-Risk Pregnancy. New York Facts on File, Inc., 1982. Golant, Susan and Ludington, Susan. Kangaroo Care The Best You Can Do To HelpYour Preterm Infant. New York Bantam Books, 1993. Griesemer, Bernard and Pfister, Fred. The Littlest Baby. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall Inc., 1983.

Gustafsen Lake :: essays research papers fc

Gustafsen Lake.For centuries, the natives of Canada have been suffering damagesthrough their land and themselves. Events such as Oka, Ipperwash, Lubican,and Gustafsen trails the racism and cruelty to the aboriginals. Land beingusurped over for the use of natural supplies or accommodations, being killed and jailed for protecting their rights given bygone ago. Gustafsen Lake shows these attributes when the Secwepemc (Shuswap) was being raidedby to a greater extent than one-hundred RCMP officers for carrying out an ancient ritualthat the sun dancers have done for more than a century. Gustafsen Lakewill be explained through the accounting and sandground of the native people,the history of the land, and the communication of the government for peaceand resolution.The Secwepemc or Shuswap for the non-natives have called, meansthe Shuswap people. The reason for the non-natives calling them the Shuswap happened when the eastern settlers came to land on British Columbia. They could not pro nounce Secwepemc so they made an easierword to call them by. This happened with most / majority of other nativebands. There were 17 bands of Shuswaps that controlled the vast area ofBritish Columbia for 10,000 historic period and controlling 56,000 square miles oftraditional land. The Shuswap diets through berries, meat, fish and roots and the occupation for the them back than were hunting, fishing, and trading. .Althought most of the bands were hybrids, they all share similar traditions, rituals, and language. This would all soon modification whenthe eastern settlers came on their land and spreading smallpox in 1862,wiping out 32 tribal villages, killing more than a hundred thousand. (SCES). In the nineteenth century, the area has been industrialized, schools being built, and the tradition being changed with less than eight thousand Shuswap,. Later in the 19th century, they are now coming back in a positive force. Getting jobs in many enterprises and tradition coming / being taug ht again. Again The non-natives took action to downgrade the Shuswap from advancing further in their need for a better future, causing them to go back to second hand occupations. Now that the history hits them again, they refused to be puppets and caused rallies to the government for a better life. Declarations have been signed, companionable development and economic development became prosperous and the Shuswap people now living a happy life again. Although this soundslike a downward spiral that goes back up again, The Shuswap peopleof today will be looking forward to not go down that road again.

GMO Labeling Essay -- Genetically Modified Consumer Food Essays

GMO labeling Ever since their entrance onto the consumer market in the last two decades of the twentieth century, genetically modified organisms (often referred to as GMOs) have been getting mixed reviews from the public. Genetically modified consumer products (primarily diet) have pushed the barriers of some peoples comfort levels. Born out of either a lack of knowledge or a sincere concern for public health or the environment, a consumer rights movement has been planted around the world pushing for labeling of genetically modified food products. This movement has matured in many places to a degree where interest groups have successfully lobbied governments into adopting criteria for labeling transgenic food products. In other fragmentizes of the world voiceless agriculture interests have clashed with the aforementioned movements. A simple label on a can of beans would seem to easily solve this problem however, governments have order that GMO product labeling is more complex than that. Considerations such as costs, international markets and cultures must also be taken into consideration, not to mention the publics perception and their level of boldness in this relatively new product. Research in both medical microbiology and agriculture laid the groundwork for what is modern biotechnology. This is newer science, seen by many to have formally begun with the discovery of recombinant DNA technology by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1970 (biotech.ca 1). Recombinant DNA technology, aided by the use of restriction enzymes, allow humans to cut one part of a genome of one species that codes for a desirable trait and insert it into a different species in the hope of producing the same effect (biote... ... label to fix. Works Cited- detail Description of new GMO labeling in the E.U. Organic Consumers Association. 2001. 10/5/04. http//www.organicconsumers.org/gefood/gmolabing080101.cfm-Diani, Hera. Inodnesians Demand GMO label ing. The Jakarta Post. November 4th 2001. 10/2/04. http//organicconsumers.org/gefood/indonesia110801.cfm-Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-food sector. European Commission Directorate General for Agriculture. 2003. The European Commission. 10/4/04.-History of Biotechnology. Biotechnology in Canada. 2004. 10/5/04 http//www.biotech.ca/EN/history.html.-Le Meur, Herve. Re ache Ground Rules been set for GMO definition? lemeurdiligo.fr. November 26th 2000.-Sticky Labels. The Economist. April 29th 1999. 10/5/04 www.economist.com.

GMO Labeling Essay -- Genetically Modified Consumer Food Essays

GMO labeling Ever since their entrance onto the consumer market in the last two decades of the twentieth century, genetically limited organisms (often referred to as GMOs) call for been getting mixed reviews from the public. Genetically modify consumer products (primarily food) assimilate pushed the barriers of some peoples comfort directs. Born out of either a lack of experience or a sincere concern for public health or the environment, a consumer rights movement has been planted around the field pushing for labeling of genetically modified food products. This movement has matured in many places to a degree where interest groups have successfully lobbied governments into adopting criteria for labeling transgenic food products. In other parts of the world strong agriculture interests have clashed with the aforementi unityd movements. A simple label on a can of beans would seem to easily solve this problem however, governments have found that GMO product labelin g is more complex than that. Considerations such as costs, international markets and cultures must also be taken into consideration, not to mention the publics perception and their level of trust in this relatively new product. Research in both medical microbiology and agriculture laid the groundwork for what is modern biotechnology. This is newer science, seen by many to have officially begun with the discovery of recombinant DNA technology by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1970 (biotech.ca 1). Recombinant DNA technology, aided by the use of restriction enzymes, allow humans to cut one part of a genome of one species that codes for a desirable trait and insert it into a different species in the hope of producing the same effect (biote... ... label to fix. work Cited-Detailed Description of new GMO labeling in the E.U. Organic Consumers Association. 2001. 10/5/04. http//www.organicconsumers.org/gefood/gmolabing080101.cfm-Diani, Hera. Inodnesians Demand GMO la beling. The Jakarta Post. November 4th 2001. 10/2/04. http//organicconsumers.org/gefood/indonesia110801.cfm-Economic Impacts of Genetically modified Crops on the Agri-food sector. European Commission Directorate General for Agriculture. 2003. The European Commission. 10/4/04.-History of Biotechnology. Biotechnology in Canada. 2004. 10/5/04 http//www.biotech.ca/EN/history.html.-Le Meur, Herve. Re Have Ground Rules been set for GMO definition? lemeurdiligo.fr. November 26th 2000.-Sticky Labels. The Economist. April 29th 1999. 10/5/04 www.economist.com.

Pfizer Industry Analysis

An Economy and Industry Analysis Focus Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Focus Company Pfizer, Inc. (PFE NYSE) Pharmaceutical Industry classification The pharmaceutical industriousness seems to be an intermingling of growth and expansion stage. This is mainly collect to the fact that there ar so much research and developing (R&D) fetch being conducted in the industry, creating growth in the industry. At the same time, various players in this industry have started to acquire or merge with their respective competitors, in order to expand and diversify product line, trade sh atomic add together 18, or new markets.The human beingwide pharmaceutical sales has continued to grow faster than most segments of the world economy driven by strong demographic trends of the world population aging population in many countries, lengthening of average life expectancy, and arise incidence of chronic diseases. This industry is a non-cyclical industry, as the products, drugs and medication, a re geared towards consumers and markets that are not prone to price changes, inflation, or economy fluctuations.Consumers in the market might lean towards product lines in the lower end of the affordability spectrum, rather than higher end purchasing generic products in the market. Pharmaceutical Industry diligence of Porters Five Forces Industry Competitors and Intensity of Rivalry In general, the main competitors for the pharmaceutical industry are Pfizer ($45. 2B in 2003 sales), GlaxoSmithKline ($35. 2B), Merck ($22. 5B), Bristol-Myers Squibb ($20. 7B), Abbott Laboratories ($19. 7B), and Johnson & Johnson ($19. B). However, with the recent spur in mergers and acquisition (M&A) activities in various industries, the pharmaceutical industry had a significant merger in August 2004 between two France competitors Sanofi-Synthelabo and Aventis creating Sanofi-Aventis, one of the top trio pharmaceutical companies with Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. The rivalry among the current competi tors in this industry is strong due to the competitive nature of product development and patent profitability.Each competitor is disbursement billions of dollars in their respective R&D efforts to discover new products and patents to continue the stream of prescribed and over-the-counter drugs fired and sold to consumers in the market. The rivalry is also intense due to the regulation set forth by Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in US and other political regulators in various countries of the world, where pixilated requirements and scarce allocation of patents are given out to companies developing new drug products.However, due to such intense rivalry, numerous companies have started to merge (like Sanofi-Aventis), or form alliances or joint-ventures in creating new products, to compete with other competitors. Bargaining Power of Buyers In the world of pharmaceutical, the buyers are basically wholesale distributors such as Cardinal Health Inc. , McKesson, and AmeriSourceBerge n. These wholesale distributors play the middle-man role in selling and distributing all pharmaceutical products to various buyers like pharmacies, hospitals, HMOs, clinics, and mail-order companies.The concentration of buyers are high due to the fact that there are only a select few key buyers that make huge purchases from all the players in the pharmaceutical industry. As such, buyers do have above average bargain power that allows the wholesale distributors to dictate the price of the products. However, all the pharmaceutical companies have distributor agreements that help curb the bargaining from being overzealous. Bargaining Power of SuppliersSuppliers to the pharmaceutical industry players are in abundance. The industry does not suffer from scarce resources as the raw materials (both active and electrostatic ingredients) are always available from various drug ingredient makers and distributors. As such, the suppliers are low in concentration and without much bargaining power . Most of the suppliers are similar and as such, easily interchangeable, without much risk or hassle.With the globalization of economy, the market of available suppliers is hitherto bigger than it used to be resulting in even lower concentration of suppliers and giving the pharmaceutical industry much power in bargaining for the prices of drug ingredients. Threat from Substitute Products For the brand prescription drugs, the main substitute would be the generics or competitors similar prescription drugs. However, this internal threat between competing products does not change the dynamics of drugs that are produce in the recourse of patent.The larger threat that the pharmaceutical industry faces is from alternate medicine such as herbal medicine, acupressure, acupuncture, massage therapy, homeopathic medicine, and other growing fads of self-remedy. The effect of alternative medicine is limited however to the critical and chronic degree of the diseases and illnesses that could b e treated or prevented. Threat of Potential Entry The threat of potential initiation for this industry at this stage (growth and expansion) is definitely low.This is mainly due to the enormously high barrier to entry in obtaining capital and resources for R&D efforts to produce patents. Due to the scarcity of patents and large amount of capital required for the numerous years of research and development, it is close to impossible for new smaller companies to enter this industry at this time. Each of the players in this industry is spending billions of dollars each year just to conduct researches and perform studies, which hopefully will result in the development of an effective and efficient drug that can be patent.Other than that, there are also legal and regulatory obstacles that prevent new competitors, from the FDA and other governmental structures. Other Influencing Forces Due to the nature of the drug products, there is intensive regulatory and legal implication that affects this industry. A good example of how the government and political milieu influence and dictate the direction of the pharmaceutical industry is through various regulations by the FDA and Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), involving patent protection, product approvals, determine controls, and product liability.The demographic evolvement in the world is another factor that should be considered. As the baby boom generation ages and life expectancy rises, demand for pharmaceuticals are soaring. In the US, seniors aged 65 and older currently represent only 13% of the population but account for 34% of all prescriptions written and more than 40% of drug sales. Approximately 80% of seniors in the US use prescription drugs on a regular basis. According to aUnited Nations study, the number of people worldwide aged 60 or older will grow from 593 million in 1999 to close to 2 billion by 2050. late technological developments and breakthroughs have changed the way new drugs are di scovered, how they are tested, the precision that it affects the diseases, and how the drugs are being delivered or distributed to patients. The recent development in stem kiosk research will definitely create more opportunity for growth in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the European Union a

Business Organizations

Community Counseling Service Need for non-competition clause in contract but must be solicitudeful not to attack public ppolicy What is the duty of a party to the true when he is planning to leave but hasnt yet left? You cannot seek out firms clients while you are still working there Hamburger Did not solicit clients business while he was still their employ Anderson pattern categorical fiduciary duty obliges the fiduciary to act in the best interests of his client or beneficiary and to refrain from self-interested behavior not specifically allowed by the employment contract.Easterbrook and Fischel Rule difficult to apply in practice socially optimal fiduciary rules approximate the bargain that iinvestors and agent would strike if they were able to bargain at no cost. (not a great rule because there are al routes transaction costs) Limitations on the right to discharge Foley Must decide what the descent between the parties is independent contractor, employee, etc? Cannot be f ired for irrational reasons or for certain protected reasons (if employee) Employees invest and rely, therefore they need protectionAlleged public ppolicy employees doing the right thing for their employer tap says there is no public interest in helping a private employer Employers interest ? public interest Employer handbook can be used as evidence to prove it is not at- testament employment Tortious breach of good faith and fair dealing Court says no, there would be no duty to mitigate for contract breaches, therefore its not a good idea Duty to Creditors (39-49) Blackburn P reasonably believed A was playacting with the authority of P, P did nothing to discourage her belief Sennot All partner in crimes are agents for the principal, by default PARTNERSHIP Partnerships and other Non-Corporate Forms GPs An association of two or to a greater extent mess to carry on, as co-owiners of a business for profit A lot of litigation is decided on whether or not the parties were co-owiners Intent that counts is not the creation of a partnership, but the intent to carry on a business for profit as co-owner Evidence of whether or not there is a partnershipControl Sharing of profits and losses JVs Partnership for a limited time and limited purpose LPs Limited partners are precise often want stockholders they are just investing their money, they dont have management rights/ powers and are not nonresistant for partnership debts Generally, only one everyday partner and multiple limited partners/ passive iinvestors Cannot accidentally fall into a limited partnership because LPs must be registered with the government (gen. state) LLCsForm of a business system of rules for a small number of people with a relatively close relationship but who dont want to be personally liable for business expenses As ssimilar as possible to a corporation without being taxed like a corporation Interests are not freely transferrable like in a corporation LLPs Same as general partnership except creditors cannot go after partners personal wealth for partnership debt LLLPs The general partner is no longer liable for partnership debts Same can be achieve if the GP is a company (or some other non-human) Characterizing the RelationshipByker v. Mannes The definitive commission to ensure your relationship is not characterized as a general partnership is to become a different type of business organization You can endlessly leave a partnership, at any time You can fall into GPship Hynansky v. Vietri H never filed a partnership tax return and treated the losses as his own Pretty iron-clad rule you have a to have a right to profits to be considered a partner Sharing get and losses Kovacik v. Reed Didnt talk about who was going to share losses One gave money, the other gave only labor Default rule is that losses follow profitsLost oopportunity costs for both parties Fiduciary Duty (75-87) Duty of Loyalty Meinhard v. Salmon Question of fiduciary duty Meinhard claims Salmon sh ould have told him about the spick-and-span deal Salmon got the oopportunity by being a partner, therefore he owes Meinhard, at least, the duty to disclose Salmon has a duty to Meinhard in their universal business what is their common business? Revised Partnership Act 403 Duty of care 404 Duty of allegiance 103(b) Set of default rules, subject to limitations (3) duty of loyalty cannot be taken away Self-dealingBusiness OrganizationsFounders syndrome When founders try to hang on to control to the detriment of the organization is widely identified as an issue for non-profit and for-profit organizations. Recently, its emerged as a concern in the world of tech start-ups, where founder identification with the business or product is often as passionate and personal as that of social entrepreneurs (Linnell, 2004 Rowat, 2007).The common thread in founders syndrome across sectors is the type of person who establishes a non-profit, tech firm, or social entrepreneurship. In all instances, these individuals tend to be passion-driven people with a star of personal billing that translates to their organization.They are, understandably, highly identified with the organizations they create, and this individual sense of commitment is often critical to bringing the organization through its early growth stages.There is no doubt the founder is central in the early days of social entrepreneurship.Later, during the growth stage, the founder may retain leaders importance to a significant degree and, according to Johnson (2014), there is evidence that founders, with their charisma and persuasive ability, are vital to attracting investor capital during the scaling stage (Johnson, 2014).At the critical growth stage, it is necessary for businesses to replace individual leadership with corporate leadership, establishing the governance systems and processes required by larger, more complex, and necessarily more accountable, organizations. Founders who cannot or will not let go of p ersonal influence when this moment arrives inadvertently endanger the future of their organization and its mission with their determination to stay in control. no(prenominal) of this may ultimately be the founders fault. In fact, rather than being seen as a failure on the part of the founder, founders syndrome is seen as a failure of a more extensive organizational leadership that allows a focus on the founder to distract from a focus on business strategy and mission (Schmidt, 2013).Businesses that neglect to create governance systems create a climate where founders syndrome (among other issues) can adversely affect the company. Good governance practice provides a way for organizations to make a smooth transition from founder-led to governing board-led organization.Establishing a strong, unified, independent board with robust accountability and decision-making systems makes companies capable of avoiding some of the worst negative impacts of founders syndrome without destroying the unequivocal benefit the founder brings to the organization or sacrificing the connection between mission and business established by the founder.Business organizationsBusiness organizations today operate in an environment that is characterized by unrelenting global competition.A sound strategical management perspective is imperative for any enterprise to achieve sustainable strategic fight and earn above average returns. Business leaders need to adopt a new mind-set that values flexibility, speed, innovation, integration and the challenges that evolve from constantly ever-changing conditions (Hitt & Duane 2006 2-10).Intel Corporation of the US is the worlds largest semiconductor company. Paul Otellini is its Chief Executive Officer and Craig Barrett is the Chairman, Board of Directors.Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. It unveiled its new branding and marketing strategy in the year 2006. It included a new logo and tagline Intel leap ahead in symmetry with the changing times (Edwards 2006 43-53).Today Intel is the leading manufacturer of high quality processors, chipsets, motherboards, adapters, Ethernet controllers, micro controllers, PCI bridges, storage systems etc. for a wide range of applications like desktop, laptop, servers and workstations, networking communications, consumer electronics, health care sector and entertainment industry.A visual modality is a road map showing the route a company intends to take in developing and strengthening its business. Well-conceived vision statements are distinctive and specific to a given organization. (Thomson, et. Al., 2006, pp. 15-20).The vision of Intel Corporation is At Intel, we constantly push the boundaries of innovation in order to make peoples lives more exiting, more fulfilling, and easier to manage. Our unwavering commitment to moving technology forward has transformed the world by leaps and bounds.We are a company thats always in motion, fuel ling an industry that never rests. We inspire our partners to develop innovative products and services, rally the industry to support new products, and drive industry standards. We do this so that we can collectively deliver better solutions with greater benefits more quickly.Through its vision statement Intel Corporation has set a very clear and convince road map for its sustained growth and success.An organizations mission is the very purpose or the reason for the existence of the organization. The mission statement of Intel is very well conceived and defines the fundamental reason or unique purpose of its existence.It sets the company apart from other firms of its type in the semiconductor industry. It also promotes a sense of shared expectations in its employees and it also communicates a positive image about itself to important situationholders of the company like its shareholders. Objectives are the end results of all the planned activities of a given company.The objectives of Intel Corporation are to extend leadership in silicon and platform manufacturing, deliver architectural innovation for market-driven platforms and drive worldwide growth. The achievement of the objectives so stated by Intel Corporation will definitely result in the fulfillment of its mission statement.Scanning of the external environment helps the companies to understand and analyze external strategic issues and factors to identify the opportunities and threats facing it.The factors having the greatest impact on the companys strategy-shaping mainly pertain to the companys immediate Industry and the environment in which it operates. Intel Corporation is a leading player in the semiconductor industry which comprises of all organizations that are engaged in the design and manufacture of semiconductor devices.Currently in the semiconductor industry the threat of new entrants is low as the entry barriers are high. The industry is characterized by rapid technological advances, continuo us product innovations, economies of plate in manufacturing of the products and strong learning/experience curve effects driving down costs continuously.The inter firm rivalry is high and there is intense competition between the major players in this industry like Intel, Samsung, Texas Instruments, ST Microelectronics, NXP, Freescale, Infineon etc. The threat of substitutes and the bargaining power of the suppliers in the semiconductor industry is low.As the industry sells to a small number of very large customers who buy in very large quantities the bargaining power of the customers is very high. The relative power of the other stake holder that is the government is high as the U.S. government regulates exports and certain uses of some types of semiconductors due to their potential use in military applications.

Communication and Society

Can ideas from the past be useful in our young day problems? The answer is yes, because people do not want to repeat the mistakes their ancestors made in the past. But some of the mistakes may be repeated ascribable to it macrocosm inevitable. After World War II, the press was free to criticize whomever they want, and it appe bed to the world that our press was irresponsible. And when Marcos became the president, he did not want the Media to overpower him, He was the president and he thought that having been seated in the top most position he should have absolute power, he couldnt have the media scrutinizing him for every live he makes.Our grandparents and parents use to say that Marcos reign was the prime era of the Philippines because of the goodly deeds he has done for the country, but little did they know that his good orbit is due to the fact that Marcos has a leash on the host media to prevent news of his somewhat malicious intentions on killing journalist who publish grim news about him. Media is a politicians biggest opponent. The use of Media might have supported the government/politicians on campaigns but when fooled or did not kept their promise, The media has the power to ruin you in an indirect manner.When a government is hiding something, it will not last long for it to come out. As technology advances, being in a progressing country, truth be told, we always get left behind when it comes to new things. We have learned to make movies from the Western World, but in the present day, why couldnt we make movies as good as them? Why can we only make films with so little special make? Is it because we still lack the technology to do so? The problem is with us, Filipinos already made some animation films, but due to not having met the standards of American animations, we endure to ignore it.If we have supported our own, animation might have progressed in the world of Filipino film. Why is the trend in movies nowadays having an extramarital f amiliarity with another woman? Because it reflects the society, it shows the realism about the lives of ordinary citizen in a more glamorous and sophisticated manner, and we Filipinos love that, since many of us have lives that are routine and unexciting, we spice things up a bit by imagining life through celebrities, since they have the money, the status and influence we wish we had.Why dont we Filipinos get tired of watching the same old stereotyped characters in melodramas? Why dont we try themes that are based on sex, plague and drugs on television shows? The protagonist always win and the antagonist is always the loser. Why cant the antagonist win in the end, or else of last or be imprisoned? Since most of us are all Catholics, The Filipinos are not ready to take on new themes that would contradict the impression of the Church, that evil will finally defeat the good. That is the very reason why we are trapped in a never-ending cycle of protagonist vs. ntagonist themes. We so metimes think if the news that had been reported on the television or the newspaper is really news worthy? Much likely the Amalayer issue, should it have stayed on youtube instead? The problem with people today is the lack of common sense. An issue concerning the Amalayer situation, wherein a student confronted a lady guard who was working in a demand station and that the guard was accusing her of lying. The woman was identified as a student of a known school in Manila.This was videotaped by a rider and was uploaded in the internet, this issue became a trend in Social Networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Common sense would tell most of us that causing a commotion in public would easily destroy not only our reputation, but have lessen our dignity as well. Basically the role of the mass media is to inform the people and comment about the issues regarding the society, but this issue doesnt concern us at all, it is just a dispute between a student and an employee. Will we ben efit something from watching this?It was basically posted in the internet so that other people could criticize and pass judgement on the girl to how she was treating the lady guard. In our modern society, the Philippine Media clearly reflects the society, since us Filipinos are easily influenced, an example is the Korean waving in 2009, bright and colored outfits, hairstyles that I couldnt even describe, eating Kimchi and most of us even studied the Korean language. The television was bombarded with Korean dramas. It is not only the Korean wave but the whole purpose of the media is to influence the society, we tend to imitate what we see in television.People go to a plastic surgeon, so they can visualize like their favourite celebrity, some would even go to the extent of having two of their ribs remove just to have a waistline they see on supermodels base on balls down the catwalk. These are the circumstances that will test a persons ethical behaviour, from what they perceive on national television, if what they will acquire is good or bad, moral or immoral, appropriate or inappropriate. Ethics not only promotes a better individual but a better society.

Impact of Advertisements on Youth

INTRODUCTION Television and Children To solar day, TV is acquiring a strangehold on the lives of the nipperren. The meet of tv set has been accentuated by the rapid nuclearisation of Indian middle furcate homes. Children who increasingly come home to empty homes in urban India watch a great deal of television much of it unsupervised. Television is threatening the minds of children and change the enamour of p arnts on children. Television the entertainer, is more popular than television the informer and the educator.Children develop basic television literacy by simply watching television no one exacts to be taught to read televisions symbolic code. This audion-visual mass medium predominates in childrens life very early. Television viewing is oftentimes part of their everyday social behavior. It is decreasing community participation. Children do use of whoever was nearby as joint participants and as a source of information or as live audience to childrens comments. It see ms that wish of provision of special activities which children do away from home is one signifi give the gatet factor in the mensuration of television they watch.Families with more money to spend on recreation and those who live in aras where a range of facilities ar available and those who can provide alternatives to television watching are at an advantage. Television is changing what children do with their free time and tear down the nature of interaction within the home and amongst the members of their family. playtime is adjusted to watch television so is sleep and study. Television became the central factor around which children and parents schedule their work time. The maximum re-scheduling is in the case of play.Seventy septette percent of the children interviewed by Sevanti Ninan a media researcher, say they organized their play according to television programmes. Eating did non need much re-scheduling. They ate as they watched. Children are sufficiently addicted t o take in their favorite programmes. Children constitute the major section of the viewing audience. An interested and willing audience is more receptive to tuition than a group of audience who have been pressure into attendance. Television for children has become a focal point of their lives.Television is considered a remedy for problematic children. Just as ads bestowed a new kind of power upon child consumers. Television seems to distrupt conventional power dynamics between child and adult. Popular media complained that the television image has usurped the mandate previously held by parents and teachers. As numerous preteensters indicated that they often watched programmes which their parents disapproved them to watch. In India most of these fears are compounded by the fact that the children watch mostly film found programmes.If there is one unifying force in Indian, it is the mania for watching movies, irrespective of age, rank, language, sex, or background for the vast maj ority of children, Hindi films and film songs are the first election and with the kind of satellite boom that India is witnessing at present, there is no lack of films on television. In the past, anxieties about parental control had to do with the fact that television was heavily promoted in families with children. During the 1950s Western countries manufactured and retailers discovered children were a lucrative consumer foodstuff for the sale of household commodities.Even at this young age, children can exercise choice. As one of the newest household items television was quickly recognised for its potential cost to young children. The number of television sets tend to be soaring in families with children more than childless couples did. Audience research showed that parents believed that television could keep their children of the streets and thus from trouble. IMPACT OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN (Between the age groups of 7-14) Yehi hai right choice baby, ahaSang two young rag-pickers as they wade through a heap of rubbish gathering scraps of metal, paper and old bottles to sell. Hips swinging and voices raised the children seemed to be caught in a spirited bubble which for instance was lifting them above the dirt and filth on which they danced. Pepsi the advertisement on television rules the minds and imagination of thousands of children careless(predicate) of their situation. At the first glance television is colorful. It is vital alive and visu wholey spectacular. Television and advertisements go contribute in hand they are an ssential part of todays broadcasting. Children are becoming part of a universal tribe of human beings for whom television is as real and influential as parents or a take aim. They are absorbing new ideas and impressions about the world mediated by the television long before they are capable of articulating their own thoughts. Television has ushered in an information revolution. It has revolutionized the concept of leisure in India. Children are likely to be most vulnerable population to be influenced by the contents of television transmission.Television acts as a source of information, education, entertainment and consumerism and it is through these athleticsctions that it is likely to influence the viewer. Research on television and children have concluded that television has positive and negative consequences on children. On the opposite hand, TV viewing helps in seeking knowledge about assorted things and it inhibits childs imaginative capabilities. Revolution in the Indian advert scene 1980s have turned out to be dynamic decade for Indian advertisers and marketers. The introduction of color television during Asiad in Sept. 982, and afterward the emergence of serials culminating in perennial favourites like Ramayana and Mahabharata along with the realization by advertisers and marketers to capitalize on this electronic medium with its tremendous visual impact when advertising crossed the Rs. 200 crore mark, in 1988-89 from only Rs. 20 crore. Advertisements directly beamed at children either as consumers or as influencers has now become an important market strategy in India today. Kids are highly skilled, however, at getting their parents to purchase what they cant buy for themselves.In this sense, they represent considerable buying behavior. Children do non react to advertisements in a vacuum. Theyre influenced by what Mummy and Daddy say, what he/she knows about the crossroad from television, friends and other sources. The first marketers to exploit television for their child oriented product was Food Specialities Ltd. , for their Maggie noodles, which was launched in 1983, March. According to a study conducted by the Business World Magazine (Feb. 1986) it became the most successful consumer product. some other kid tell product that met with a success was in the 80s was Rasna softdrink concentrate made by Pioma Industries Ltd. They blantantly exploited the lovable child artistes and the powerful medium of television. Who doesnt remember, I Love You Rasna lisped by child artist Ankita Jhaveri. Their sales increased from Rs. 80 lakhs in 1982 to 25 crores in 1988. Television became the major advertising medium followed by magazines and newspapers. Biscuits and toys are two major child-oriented products that have undergone a sea change during this decade.The toy market in India is now valued at Rs. 70 crores in this organized sector alone with a growth potential of 20-25%. Not surprisingly, television is the medium of choice for most advertisers targeting the child market. some(prenominal) even quite young children watch adult programming and are consequently exposed to advertisements norm all(prenominal)y aimed at adults. When it comes to childrens perceptions of television advertising, it is clear that very young children see television in a conceptual vacuum in which they cannot distinguish one from the other and know that an advertis ement is trying to sell them something.They are, however, unconvincing to have any useful information base, or concept of price and value, by which they can make valid judgments of the television ads. Selectivity in viewing commercials increases with age. Another reason why television is so important, apart from its window to the world position is that it is the childs most important sources of information is which allows the use of all the effect that appeal to kids. Children have a very low boredom threshold a penchant for images and bright colors and an ability to absorb more details than adults in a shorter period of time (Travel weekly 9 Sept. 1991).The boredom threshold of a child is frustrating low ( market week 21 Aug. 1992. ) Marketing consumer products to children Advertising to children is no plain task. They are unpredictable, difficult to research, though highly conscious of things around them. Marketing communication that is straight, simple, honest and filled with fun is most likely to win their confidence as customers. There are various strategies in marketing to children. A direct appeal in which the furtherance is directly oriented to kids for products like pencils, chocolates, soft drinks, etc. Another approach is directed to the parents through the child.The child is used as hook to buy the product, for all sort of products including consumer durables like Videocon washing machines. Children have thus become the innocent and hidden persuaders. Babies have been employed with winning effect in ads for ages, by Glaxo, Nestle and Johnson and Johnson. The Murphy Radio baby is still on calendars all over India. Children influence parents to buy products of their choice. Children themselves make purchases of goods and services for their personal use and satisfaction. With the nuclearisation of families, children are coming home to empty homes and end up watching longer hours of television.Parents who find less time to spend with their children feel guilty and adopt a softer attitude towards requests from children ranging from cereals to computers. Mothers perceive that television advertisements influences the children and they estimate the effects of commercials by the frequency with which their children attempt to influence the purchase at home. Parents are now vulnerable to their appeal and positive parental resolution varies depending up on the nature of appeal used by children. According to a study conducted by D.Stone who was the Marketing director of the London College of Printing and distributive trades. The study was titled Advertising and Children. When he asked the parents, How often does your child influence you on deciding on your purchases? The findings were Food 8. 2%, Childrens Clothes 50%, Furniture 30% Holidays 50%, Parents Clothes 20%. And how do Children Perceive their influence on adults purchases. Do your grown-ups listen to your views when they buy. Drinks 75, enclothe 65%, Clothes 65. 6%, Sweets 62. 0%. Holidays 35%, Soaps 33%, Parents clothes 30. 8%. Advertisements in the multi-channel environment.The emergence of the multi-channel environment in 1991 seems to have brought with it at to the lowest degree some modest changes in overall ad scene. Children have more diverse range of products to chose from and are being promoted, especially on the networks channels. Moreover, the issue forth of advertising varies considerably across channel types. Displacement factors need to be taken into account when assessing the impact of advertising on children. The most important dispositional factor influencing the affects of TV ad is age, first fork and third class children are more strongly affected by TV ads than children from fifth grade children.The grea try on impact of television advertising on child is felt in their language, according to teachers of Delhi school where the study was conducted by Namita Unnikrishnan. They said that children now speak to one some other in a l ingo dotted with words, home Results Parental guidance behaviors are generally too unfocussed to produce desired outcomes. Parents reports watching with their children and encouraging them to view appropriate programmes failed to alter children conception and talking to them about TV was effective only when educational shows were shown.Discouragement from watching objectionable shows also made children more critical, but parents own viewing habits were not the model of behavior and attitudes that had been anticipated. The childrens age was found to relate to their TV notions and to how parents guided their viewing but not to the relationships established between guidance and perceptions. Family views The effect of training parents to mediate their Childrens viewing on childrens comprehension of commercials. Matthews, Denise Ph. D University of Florida 1994.Children form primary and junior-grade classes were pre-tested for three levels of comprehension of TV advt ability to discrim inate between programme and commercial and understanding the deceptive potential of commercial. Childs pretest ability vary widely among the three levels of commercial comprehension and ability to discriminate commercials from programme was relatively high and increased only slightly in the post test and pretest level of understanding commercials deceptive potential was low and remained low on the post test.However, pretest measures of understanding the intent of commercials were mixed with scores of realisation and low scores on free response items. Significant pretest increased for the experimental group in articulating intent of the commercial. It suggests that parents can be motivated successfully to appreciate their children in understanding the TV content and that they will be most effective when tapping comprehension within the childs zone of proximal development. The relationship between TV exposure and physical activity among the 6th grade children. Francis, Lorna Lee, Ph .D University of Orgeon, 1983. Results indicated that while there was statistically significant correlation between TV viewing time and physical activity, the magnitude of the relationship was insufficient to be of practical significance. There was also no significant relationship between TV viewing time and level of physical fitness. Childrens physical activity and their physical fitness were relatively independent of the TV viewing time. The perceived influence of TV on achievement in children and achievement and adolescents in Thailand. Chompaisal, Swangchit, Ph.D Illinois State University 1994. The research was conducted to study the perceived influence of TV viewing on the school achievement of children and adults in Thailand. Study based on a attempt of 2520 children and adults from 6 regions of Thailand during second semester of 93-94. Results Reveal that the children and adults spend an average of 21 hours a week in viewing television. Students who spend fewer hours watchin g television have higher school achievement. Parents who monitor their childs television viewing get to better school achievement.Factorial analysis shows no statistically significant relationship between motivation of television viewing and the general performance at school. choose for Study Today, television is part of childs growing environment. It has become a window through which they view the world. Advertisement and TV go hand in hand. TV without advertisement looks an unrealistic proposition. It is no exaggeration to say that TV Programmes are made keeping in view the ad harbor which can help them to sustain them for a longer period of time.It is no wonder that many a beautiful programmes had to be cancelled due to lack of sponsors. Every child is a bundle of potentiality. An interested and willing audience is more receptive to learning than a group of viewers who have been forced into audience. Children are considered vulnerable and susceptible to TV influence. TV advert isement are the creation of brilliant minds and wonderfully talented people who have but one mission in life to persuade us to buy and buy. TV advertisements are masterpieces. These dressed messages get carried to adults and the children on the same level.TV Advertisements being brief, repetitive and guileful influences the kids. Advertisements can sometimes be unfair to children since they do not have the skill and the experience to process the advertisement messages in the context of reality and needs. Many of the advertisements aimed at children show that muscle and bluster get you what you want. If you want Babul bubble gun, the quickest way is to brandish a gun. Cartoons and computer games have an inordinate amount of violence and children soon get desensitized to the violence.Questions about effects of television advertisements on television have frequently been raised by Television critics. Investigators have examined the effects of TV programmes on children, but little publ ished research exists in this area. Conversely much research has examined effects of television Advertisements, but the focus has been on adults rather than on children. It would be native to use these sources to derive hypothesis for research studies of effects of commercials on children. The content, structure and repetitive presentation of the commercials messages are different from programmes.So the effects on children and adults should be different. Moreover, hypothesis about effects of television advertisements on children simply cannot be derived from research with adults. A fourteen- course of instruction old boy was killed in Oct97 when he tried to emulate the bungee-jumping shown in a popular TV soft drink advertisement. What is ads doing to children and what is the impact of TV on childrens need to be given a thorough study in this era of consumerism. After all children are the most avid watches of Television programmes. It has become a central point in their lives.For al l these reasons, the overall purpose of the present research programme is to explain the effects of television advertisement on children between 7-14 years of age. Objectives of the study To study the viewership of childrens programme on DD National, DD-II, Sony Entertainment TV and Eenadu TV. To study the awareness, exposure and comprehension and recall of ads. To study the influence of advertisements on kids buying behavour. Scope Two schools one located in Hyderguda St. Pauls Boys High School and the other is located in Chapel Road, Sujatha Public Girls School.Kids from 5th class to 10th Class where chosen for the study. Methodology The procedure adopted for the collection of the data was a questionnaire consisting of 17 close ended questions and two sub-questions and two dissipate ended questions were asked. Universe The Universe for the study was two schools. The classes chosen from each school were six. The Universe for the study had 600 students. Sample A stratified random s ample of the universe has been taken out of these 600 students. 120 students were taken as the sample for the study. That is around 20 percent. The sample consisted of equal number of boys and girls.Ten each from each class were taken. The questionnaire were later analyzed and tabulated accordingly. The ads were monitored for this research on four channels. DD National Viewership and reach are the highest in India. It airs its programmes in Hindi the national language of India. Childrens Programmes Great Expectations and Heman. DD-II Viewership and reach many not the same as DD National. Airs a lot of childrens programmes everyday from 05. 00 pm to 07. 00. These include a multifariousness of sketch shows very popular with children. Childrens Programmes Boy meet world, Flash Gordon, Blossom, Telesoccer,Rimbas Island, Our friend the Dolphins, Quack Pack Spiderman, Mickey and Friends, Green Teen Quiz, Dennis the Menance, Jaldi Jaldi gimpy show, Goof Troops, Chip and Dale, Super Huma n Syber Squad, Heman and the Masters of the Universe. Sony Entertainment Television Airs its programmes in Hindi. It is a satellite channel. Airs childrens programmes every day from 05 00 pm to 07 30 pm. The programmes include comedies and cartoon shows. Childrens Programmes Bewitched, Different Strokes, Silver Spoons, He-man, Real Ghost Busters, who is the boss? Eenadu TelevisionRegional Channel Airs it programmes in te local language Telugu. The usual stuff films and film songs dominate the channel. Very less childrens programmes are aired. Childrens programmes Charlie Chaplin, Bhale Denver, Stone Boy, Baboi Dennis. The ads that are aired during these programmes were monitored from 01. 12. 97 to 15. 12. 97. The ads were as follows Food ads Drinks-Coco-cola, Pepsi, Health drinks-Complan, Maltova, Top Ramen Smoodles, Maggie Rich Soups, Macaroni Pack Maggie Pickle, Kellogs Wheat Flakes, Kellogs Cornflakes, Milk Bikis, Kellogs Frosties, Eclairs Gems, Wriggleys Juicy Fruit Bubblegum, Tez Tea.Choclates-Kit-kat, Cadburys, Perk, Nestle Milky Bar, confuses Maho Lacto king, Cadburys 5-star, Uncle Chips, Ruffles Lays, Big Babool, Boomer, Glucogold, Bourbon Biscuits, Dabur Honey, Allens Koffees, Frolicck Ice Cream, Alpenliebe and Annapurna Atta. Babu Foods Cerelac and Farex. Clothes and Foot Wear Garden pure silk, Kalanjali, Action Shoes, Books and stationary Diamond comics, Stic Colur Pens, Zee testis Pen, Mayapuri Film Magazine, Rotomac Pens, Archies Cards, Saber Free Styles pens, Dreamland Books, Reynolds pens, Jetter pen, Camlin Velvetta Ball pen. OthersVardhaman Knitting Yarn, Raid (Insecticide), Novino Gold Batteries, Aron Alpha, Hero Cycles, Sunrise coffee, Royale Paints, Rohan Badam Shrim, Sunny and Maxima Watch. Toys Funskool, G I Joe. Medicinal Borosoft, Hansaplast, Hajmola, Megamind 2 Plus Soaps Dove, Lux, Jai, and Palmolive. Shampoos Organics, Lux, Sunsilk, Heads and Shoulders. Tooth Pastes Colgate, Close-up, Pepsodent. Creams Lakme, Nivea and Charmis. Th ese ads when analysed can be concluded safely that they are dominated by food ads. The number of chocolate ads are higher than any other product ads.These ads employ child artists. Operational Definitions 1. Awareness The first stage of traditional adoption process. 2. BehaviourConduct, manners, general course of life, treatment of others, mode of action, response to stimulus. 3. Consumera term used to describe two different kinds of consuming entitles Personal consumers and organizational consumers who buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organizations. 4. finaleA choice made from tow or more alternatives. 5. FamilyTwo or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption who reside together. . MarketingActivities design to enhance the flow of goods, services and ideas from producers to consumers in order to satisfy consumer needs and wants. 7. ProductA product is a set of tangible and impalpable attributes, including packaging, color, manufacturers presti ge, retailers prestige and manufacturers and retailers services, which the buyer may accept as offering satisfaction of wants and needs.DATA PRESENTATION enumerate number of respondents-120 Boys-60 Girls-60 Do you watch TelevisionYes/NoPercent Boys60100 Girls60100 Total120100 contd to page no 40 Data Analysis Majority of the respondents 80. 8% had cable connection, boys and girls were equal in this respect. About 41. 6% of the respondent watch about two hours of television daily. Childrens movies dominated the viewing time of the chidren (42%). Followed closely by film-based programmes. 42% of the respondent like cartoon shows. 76. 9% of the respondents said they liked ads but interesting thing to note is that though some did say they didnt like advertisements they still could recall ads. 65. % of the respondents said they liked chocolate advertisements closely followed by 23% of clothers and footwear ads. They liked to watched advertisements with children in action and equally a dventure advertisements. It was closely followed by advertisements with sportsmen and film-stars (girls liked them more than the boys).Most os the respondents felt that advertisements did not influence them to buy the products, but few that it did influence them very much. More number of boys said that they will not pressurize their parents to buy the products where girls were equal in their positive and negative response. 5% of the respondents gave ambiguous response to the question that do they insist on buying the product after watching the advertisement 70% said yes they do but for the prior question they said they do not pressurize their parents to buy the product. 65% of the respondent said they received max money to spend on themselves. Majority of the respondents boys and girls said they saved the money that they got as pocket money. Most of the respondents recalled chocolate advertisements more than any other.All the girls recalled Perk advertisement more than any other. Important thing was that respondents who said they did not like advertisements too recognized at least three to four advertisements. Suggestions for further study Subsequent research must fulfill methodological requirements (1) In order to investigate earlier development in watching behavioral reactions to advertisements, sampling must include children jr. than those in those in the present research that is from three to seven year old. 2) Sample can be increased from a mere 25 percent to around 50 percent so that generalizations can be made more freely. (3) Sampling can be done even from untaught areas. There is a boom in television viewing in rural areas too. (4) Research is needed to determine why some children and adolescents too develop negative feeling towards advertisements. (5) Research needs to be done into why younger children have high attention span of advertisements than older children that is children above 14 years have a less attention span.

Feasibility Study For Bookstore

a. Marketing philosophy with target awareness b. Market Analysis1. Target MarketThe main target markets of scholastic Company are the student of each school here in Aklan. That every phonograph recordings that they looking for are in the pedant. The bookworm provides the most effective needs of student while they seeking their books.a. DemographicsWe goatnister divide our target market according to age, occupation, civil status, nationality, and gender.b. PsychographicsThe Bookworm focuses on interests of guest, their activities, and also the opinions of every customer so that were going to conduct a market survey for our target market. It focuses the attitudes, personality formation, and cultural touchstones.c. Niche MarketsThe bookworm company determine the target audience and find what the customer wants. The bookworm sells retail book items for the consumer.2. Competition 3. Market Trendsa. Product Life cycleWe introduce our company by launch our return. We make advertis ing to radio and television so that the customer can dwell that there is an opening of book store here in Kalibo, Aklan. The bookworm company make a promotion to make consumers aware that the product is now available on the market and what its purposes. Market Growth Demand begins to accelerate and the size of the total market expands rapidly. Maturity demand is the level of Bookworm when the customer are not satisfied and they replacement and new family formation rate and finally the product goes into dec filiation as sales fall.b. Type of consumer justsMarket outline -Method of Sales & Distribution Packaging When it comes in packaging the Bookworm Company use papers bagsbecause as of now using plastic materials is not good to our environment. Using paper bagsas a material is very environmental friendly and we can reuse it. We attached our company logo and tag line into paper bags so that the costumer will know and to advertise also our products. -Pricing Branding -Database mar keting Sales Strategy Sales Incentive or PromotionThe Bookworm use a strategy like Sales promotion, advertising, and salesmanship because this three are the major techniques used in merchandising products to the public. In Salesmanship the company need to know the customer face-to-face so that the seller convinces the customer that the books on sale are essential to their satisfaction. The bookworms use the sales promotion strategy to persuade the consumer and customer to purchase immediately by providing special incentives such as discount items, promo sale and freebies. Advertising Strategy Public Relation Networking

Mona in the Promised Land By Gish Jen Essay

Cultural concussiones atomic number 18 one of the defining marks of the early centuries wherein racial, ethnic and ethnical difference are the almost debated issues. Long before the entrance of globalization in the global scene, unlike nation-states did non re every(prenominal)y have the chance of do close relationships with their neighboring states especially when their shades are the ex prompt oppo molde of theirs.And for this reason, they tried to isolate themselves from some other countries (or at most have communication or jolly have indirect relationship toward other states that have almost similar socialization and tradition) so as to preserve their cultural heritage. Fagan) precisely upon the outbreak of WW1 and WW2, subtlety, rush and ethnicity became one of the pivotal prices that changed the world structure and order. On the other hand, the occurrence of the said world wars and the introduction of the concept of globalization were not the primordial floor of s uch cultural clashes. Even during the time of the establishment of the first civilizations in almost all regions of the world, conflicts that were defined or motivated by cultural struggles were already preponderant. Hence, there is this historical origin of the said problem.Culture, Race and Ethnicity Culture is considered as a way of life. It implies that whatever mankind does or acts or believes it is its culture. Traditions and customs are subsets of culture. Even before an individual was born, there was already a defined culture to which he was already belonged. This culture was given to him by either his parents or his environment (or even both). Having this fact, a person rotternot sincerely say that he has chosen a particular culture for himself. nevertheless what is authentically true is that he was anticipated to adapt his parents and/or his environments culture.And only as he progresses or as he grows up that he exposes himself to other culture and tries to make some modifications on his possessed culture. Thus, one can be influenced by other extraneous cultures. And that he can assimilate those cultures as he pleases. But the original cultural that he owns cannot really be thrown away. It sticks to one person as long as he lives. (Bolaffi) Race defines how mans biological, sociological and cultural features are structured. Be it an American, an Asian or a European.But among the races that which suffers a lot are the races of the Blacks (the Africans). During the struggle of the Black-Americans regarding the slavery issue, they were perceive as the race that which is the most inferior (for they believed then that the standard for superiority can be measured through the color of the skin). As a solution of such conception, the Blacks were badly maltreated and their dignity was really degraded. Historically, the Blacks received the most numbered and prominent manifestations of racial discrimination. (Bolaffi)Ethnicity comes into the picture as subset of culture (as stated earlier in this paper). It goes with the idea that every individual is either belonged to a single group which has the same affiliation and identity as that individual or has a twain or more ethnic origins. That which is very manifest in the concept of ethnicity is the belief that there is this one single historical origin that is common to all those members of a particular ethnic group. And as branch of culture, it entails traditions and customs as well as practices and beliefs that are exclusive to each ethnic group. (Bolaffi)Now speak out when one tries to penetrate a particular culture that is defined by a singular and specific race and ethnicity. Surely, clash of cultural differences and ideologies will arise. But such adaption to different cultures and varied customs and traditions is not really impossible. As mentioned earlier, one can define his culture by either adapting his parents culture or by adapting his environments culture. However, th e latter poses much struggle and criticisms not only for individuals but also for nation-states (especially those that suffered from colonialism).On the Novel Mona in the Promised LandThe bracing was all about a girl named Mona (a half Chinese and half American) who was become so enthralled with the Judaic society that she declared that she would convert herself into Jew. much(prenominal) was the conflict of the story. She was Chinese-American and yet she wanted to belong herself in the Jewish tradition and belief. That is the very thing that signaled her own conflict with her contract. (Jen) Mona situated herself into a large sight of hoi polloi. She was with Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Blacks and Jews. She learned and discovered umteen things about the different cultures that her companions and circle of fri fetch ups have.At any rate she appreciated those cultures. Being a Chinese-American she knows well that her ethnic origins were passably in conflict. Nonetheless it did not undermine her will to live the life that she wanted. The stories that were revealed to her by the Black people inspired her to be proud of her race. Unfortunately when he became so much in tuned of the Jewish theology/tradition, her life became so much criticized not only by other people who used to sit with her and have talks but also of her own family especially his father.Although their family her mother and mother and herself was more distinguished as Chinese, her father wanted her to act and take care herself as a full-pledged American. Americanization became her fathers everyday reminder for her. As a result, the structure of their family, their beliefs and practices and their characters were Americanized. And that was her parents want. However, even if she was born in American she refused to pretend and act like a true-blooded American whom she was really not. She tried to discover her own culture.But his did not mean that she would have to throw away her origina l culture and doctorly embrace a foreign culture. This only suggested that she would establish her own preferred culture or belong herself to her chosen culture and would not get word hard to be psyche else just to fit in with other standards (like that of the American attitude). The climax of the story was when Mona finally declared to her parents that she would convert herself into the Jewish religion. Her father was totally against such variety. Her family especially her father believed that the being a Jew would only make her life miserable and inferior to others.Her father believed that the American culture was the most superior culture even with that of their Chinese culture. He mentioned the entire things that the American culture brought into this world like those of the more and recent technological advancements. Yet, Mona did not crimp with that argumentation. The novel revealed the undeniable role of religion in shaping the culture of a particular individual. As what was described in it, Mona found the Jewish religion as more like of her own principles and beliefs.She absorbed the Jewish doctrines and practices the way she wanted. It did not become hard for her to understand and appreciate the Jewish tradition since she was at first exposed to different cultures. But the very thing that made her decide to make herself belong in that Jewish religion is that she was in the Jewish community such that their influence was really irresistible. Not only that. It was very hard for her to stick to her original culture when all that she had was its exact opposite. The bottom air travel was that she pursued such conversion and lived the Jewish way.The moral lesson of the story (if it can be classified as one) is that a particular thing does not really assure you of the happiness that it could offer only through its tag or label. But what really matters is that you really like that thing and that there is nothing that pushes you to dissipate such choice. In short, happiness comes if a person willfully chooses it. Historical, Sociological and policy-making Issues The Americanization Since the coming of the globalization period, westboundization, particularly Americanization was a big issue. What does it take to be Americanized?And what is the trade-off of becoming an Americanized person? There is this big assumption that America is the worlds most superior race. Being the worlds sole superpower, people regard American culture to be the only culture that could give the people a better life (just like how Monas parents believed). Political stability, considerable economic standing and supreme influence among nations and states in the world, are the characteristics that best describe America. However, America is neither an ideal state nor a perfect sanctuary for all people. (ODell)America is branded as the melting pot of the world (worlds culture). This is the place wherein people of different races and different culture can freely live and pursue their goals in life without being constrained. But that is only a loose description. America surely offers and provides the world with so many things for development and progress. However, isnt it overgeneralization to say that American culture is the best culture among other cultures in the world? Let us say that American people do not really claim such. However, other cultures regard such thing as truth.The result is that people in the world idolizes and patronizes American culture having this conception that if they would try to live the American life then their lives would really improved and they would live in prosperity. But such is only a misconception. A person can make himself improve and progress regardless of his cultural inclinations, and racial and ethnic origins. But then it still goes with the idea that the society does not limit its citizens to showcase their interests, talents and capabilities as well as their personal beliefs.In relation with the n ovel, Mona was constrained by her father and told that converting herself into Jewish would make her life miserable. But then Mona believed that by his faith, her life would be at peace and would be secured. Choosing a religion is a right (with reference to the Universal Declaration of Rights). And having it as a right would mean that such would not badly affect the lives of individuals. And such would not be used as standard for looking at a persons life. Perhaps most Americans cannot be termed as pure Americans.By appealing to their original cultures, traditions and customs, Americans can be seen as a very general form of culture that which is also comprised of different cultures. The Chinese Principle Historically speaking, Chinese was known as the main land in Asia. Being revered and served by other nations. It has been said that the Chinese people regard themselves as the supreme race in the whole Asia such that everyone should feed respect and look at every Chinese with vener ation. China termed those nations beyond its kingdom as barbarians. It implies that China is the central and the sole bearer of power and bureau in Asia.However such conception about China was erased when it was attacked and conquered by the Western nations. No matter how China received tragic experiences and great insults from the Western conquerors, China never regard herself as a conquered and defeated nation. It preserves such principle by inculcating in the minds of all the Chinese people the great and rich history of their Chinese culture. It inspires every Chinese to be more proud of their cultural heritage even if their physical features are really different from the Western features. Nonetheless, not all Chinese remain loyal with such principle.Some Chinese people consider adapting the culture of the other nations so as to improve their way of living. In the novel, Monas father can be regarded as on of those Chinese people who would put aside his Chinese self-respect and dignity in order to assure him a life of prosperity in the cradle of the American culture. Well, it is not really bad to adapt to foreign culture as long as it would not mean a re-identification of oneself. It means that as long as a person accepts and recognizes his authentic origins term making some modifications in his cultural belief it does not entail a total denial of the original culture.Mona did not really deny her Chinese heritage. She is even proud to be a Chinese. On the other hand, Mona did not see herself as a solid Chinese whose beliefs and practices are confined with the antique and traditional Chinese religions. She rather saw herself as a person whom can only grow in the arms of the Jewish religion. For Mona, such conversion was no big deal. But for her parents it was really a form of infidelity to her cultural heritage (well, her father did not really appear as someone who advocated Chinese principles and ideologies but more of a person who wanted to make Mona a full turned-American person).As for the story, the Chinese side of Mona and her parent was not really highlighted. It played a very little role that it could not be even considered as a principal source of cultural conflict that was evident in the novel. Mona in the Arms of the Jewish Tradition Mona rather chose Jewish culture and tradition than making herself absorbed and lived the American culture. For Mona, it was not if one was an American, a Chinese, a Black or a Jew, the most important thing was that you know what is right and you did not step on anyones foot.Living in such principle she pursued her life the Jewish way. Judaism is the religion of the Jews. It is a monotheistic religion since it believes and advocates that there is only one God. And this God is the supreme legislator of laws. He is the Divine Creator whom created the world and its order. And that mankind committed sin against this Supreme Entity. The only way for them to be saved from those sins is to be united with God by living a good life and that life is illustrated by the Jewish culture. (Sarna) There is really nothing wrong with Monas conclusion of converting herself into a Jew.Her personal belief and her faith cannot really be managed by other people but only by herself. Her father was only in opposition with her decision primarily because he thought that if Mona would really move towards the Jewish way of life, she might be lost because of her initial Chinese and American culture. Having both Chinese and American culture is really a struggle for any person. It would be more complicated if one would include the Jewish culture, and that is exactly what the clash of the cultures suggests.To end this paper, the historical, sociological and political issues that can be drawn from the novel are really directed toward diversity and conflict among cultures in the world. There is really no possible way that culture can be universalized or standardized. However, such cultural differences can be managed by simply paying respect to other cultures that have different structure and tradition from ones own culture. Only then that people would really resolve such conflict regarding the clash of cultures.

Additive Layer Manufacturing for Aerospace Parts Essay

ES Technology has revealed that additive layer manufacturing (ALM) for direct part production has been embraced by a number of manufacturing sectors, not least the aerospace intentness The ability to produce components in a range of materials including hot-work steels, stainless steel, cobalt chromes and Inconel, plus titanium and aluminum alloys, presents the aerospace industry with large electromotive force for direct part production using ALM. ALM has already been used to produce small and medium- surfaced aerospace components, and having realised the potential of the process, aerospace manufacturers are pursuit to produce larger, more complex parts. Material Solutions operates an ALM applications development centre with a particular focus on the aerospace sector.Carl Brancher of Material Solutions, said ALM in high-performance materials is swell suited for complex thin-walled structures in gas turbines. However, as a new technology it is not yet well understood or validated b y potential users and, like all manufacturing processes, to get the best from metal ALM requires the designer to understand the process capabilities and materials mechanical properties, he added. Brancher said Materials Solutions is bridging this gap by providing make parts, consulting (principally to the aerospace market), and working with equipment and materials vendors to develop the technology for mass production.See moreMasters of Satire John Dryden and Jonathan Swift EssayThe collaboration between Material Solutions and its industry clients has so far led to the production of a range of components over the last three years. This programme has now reached the limit of component sizing that tolerate be produced using the existing Material Solutions ALM systems. With the continuing pressure from aerospace manufacturers to develop the capability to produce larger parts, Material Solutions turned to Concept Laser to look the potential for building larger components using Concept Lasers M3 bilinear system. The fundamental principles of the M3 linear make it a novel development in the world of ALM.Unlike other machines the M3 linear does not have fixed optics but a combination of galvo scan mirrors and linear direct drives to move the scanning head. Already used to build larger volume components, the M3 linear has all of the pre-requisites for up-scaling to enable production of the types of components envisaged by the aerospace industry. It is not only the physical attributes of the system that leave themselves to production of large components but the process control and laser scanning strategy already developed by Concept Laser, which will eliminate the potential pitfalls of accuracy errors on large components.Having established the potential of the M3 linear machine, Material Solutions set out to design a test component that would qualify indisputable build criteria and which could also be used to educate and inform aerospace designers of Additive Frie ndly design features and techniques. These include reducing supports and using larger flowing radii to care in reducing the time to build and subsequently, component production and finishing costs. The test part incorporates many features such as small diameter holes, wind features, thin rib sections and areas of thick material section all typically found in aerospace components.The greatest challenges for Concept Laser were that a component of this size had never before been build and added to this the part was required in an unexpectedly short timescale. The finished component demonstrates the current capabilities of the technology in terms of size (300mm diameter), accuracy and surface finish. While this part does not yet satisfy the ultimate demands of aerospace manufacturers it clearly confirms the capabilities of the process, the scalable potential of Concept Lasers M3 linear machine and the sound base which Concept Laser have for further development of the M3 linear for la rge aerospace components.There are also practical aspects to be considered when building large parts. Larger volume components require greater volumes of powder and hence a robust and stable platform to accommodate the weight. Having then built a large volume, and potentially very heavy component, safe and easy removal is essential.The M3 linear machine is built around a substantial sham framework and already incorporates a removable build module enabling the module and component to be easily positioned under an overhead crane if required. The triumph of this exercise and the current collaboration between Material Solutions and Concept Laser will be used to define the future strategies that will eventually jut parts manufactured by ALM techniques leave the laboratory and take to the air.

A Summary of Past, Present, and Future Tense by Gregor Muir

A Summary of Past, Present, and futurity Tense by Gregory Mir This article is a look at technology effect upon artist and the trend or medium of art that good deal be developed and produced. Author Gregory Mir working with other(a)s hoped to create and arrangement that showcased the work of those artists who contributed to the advancement of digital practice, along with their attempts to identify the intricacies of the digital spectrum.I think this article for the or so part explains how his selections of artist and their work, was mental capacityful of establishing a past, present, and future artistic media theme collection. The author starts with a 1965 gentlemans gentleman from artist Name June Pack a composer, who is credited with introducing others to the idea of using video as a way of expressing art. It should also be noted that the article made a case that the art of tomorrow is the art of the media, past and present. This particular art form is Just as much about op thalmic image as much as music and performance.It also incorporates the manipulation of hardware and includes software-concepts in lucifer measure. The article points out that what once could have been included under the heading of media art, has since moved into a medley of ewe artistic genres, or dissimilar forms whose definitions are instead more oriented on disciplines such as science and technology. The article also shows this development is being carried forward by individuals whose identity are practically tied together by certain parameters such as artist, social worker, experienced designer and engineer.And whose actions go out of a clear understanding of technology as well as the associated social and ethnic aspects, like those individuals that work in the open source medium, and who are masters of technological components. Those individuals who by their in truth nature ignore rules found in user manuals, and use technological devices and systems in ways that I am sur e were unintended by those who created or marketed them to consumers the world over.I would point to the use of a magnet sitting on top of a TV as a way of creating abstract patterns of light. plot of ground simple in its design, the very idea of Magnet TV or the Web Stalker who strips by code to reveal the skeletal structure of a particular website is a tribute to the creative mind of the artist, and the use of available technology. I would say that in the world of media arts and animation, if you can imagine it you can create it as each of these selections shows.Overall, the author thought of combining elements from business, entertainment, communications, as well as artists and other professionals who may operate in a different space. The article concludes with a look at the business relationship of digital art, as Mr.. Mir raises comparisons and dilemmas that allow those of us readers to question, reflect upon, and decide on the status of new media art. A Summary of Past, Pr esent, and Future Tense by Gregory

Creating Shared Value: Lessening the Tension Between Society and the Economy by Utilizing Corporate Social Responsibility to Its Full Potential

Creating Sh ard nourish Lessening the Tension ming conduct with ships company and the Economy by Utilizing corporeal fond Responsibility to its full Potential PA 311 Introduction to Civic Engagement INTRODUCTION duty is an essential part of humanity. Without commerce man would most homogeneously still be in an animalistic state relying on the hunter-gatherer life style. With condescension sector and trade, come economic prosperity and a higher(prenominal) shopworn of living. However, business can too create situations that are unjust and non equitable for all humans.On the like token, familiarity can create environments in which a business can non successfully operate. A latent hostility betwixt economy and troupe has existed since the beginning of modern human culture. Throughout history cultures get tried to diminish the tension with mixed results. Communism strained to eradicate the problem by eradicating the profit motive repairly in the end, it was unsuccess ful. mixerist theorists failed to understand that business is part of human nature and if wielded correctly can return not only the business, barely the friendship as well.In modern times the attempt to lessen the tension amid the 2 has taken the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). While it has many makes it also leaves the profit motive out of the equation by only focusing on the need of fraternity and not of business. In its current state, CSR is not a sustainable form of philanthropy and will finally fail. A tenderer version of CSR, Creating Shared Value takes into account, not only societys needs but the businesses as well. By operating within this model we can create a self-sustainable equilibrium in which both business and society as a whole, prosper.Only by uniting the two, and focusing on the commonalties, not the differences, can we create a situation in which the tension betwixt economics and society are tempered. This paper will show how the modern era seek to lessen the tension between the two by the creation of CSR. It will show the history of the program and in conclusion its failings. Later, it will focus on the new concept of Creating Shared Value and how it can benefit society and lessen the tension between economics and society. Origins of Corporate Social ResponsibilityBenjamin W. Heineman, a senior vice president for law and public personal matters at General Electric, defines CSR as. 1. Strong, sustained economic performance. 2. Rigorous compliance with financial and legal rules. 3. Ethical and separate citizenship action, beyond formal requirements, which advance a bow windows reputation and long-term health (Olowski, p. 6). These concepts were not the norm in business forty years ago. Most people believed that corporations sole responsibility was to conduct business and be profitable.However, the role of business in society began to be ill questioned during the cultural revolution of the 1960s. With the possi ble exception of the depression of the 30s corporations were held in high esteem in America. From the azoic beginnings of US business to the 1960s people assumed that business existed solely to serve the economic needs of the country. origines produce goods and services and employ citizens thus providing them economic security. Employed Americans can then buy more(prenominal) goods and services producing more commerce and business which leads to more employment (Wilson, 2000, p. 3).This role is very important in a society because if it is done correctly, it will eventually raise the standard of living for most of its citizens. This view that corporations were merely agents of economics was not seriously challenged until the 1960s (Wilson, 2000, p. 6). During the turbulent 60s there were many societal kinds that led to the birth of Corporate Social Responsibility and a heighted sense of conflict between society and business. impressiveness doubled in the decade of the sixties al lowing more young adults to attend college. Citizens of the US became more financially stable and better educated (Wilson, 2000, p. ). With this favorable growth came more expectations from corporations in regards to safety, quality, and environmental considerations. They also had increase consumer buying power giving them the freedom to choose which products and from which firms they would purchase. At the same time confidence in our institutions were begging to wane in part due to the war in Vietnam and the Civil Rights movement (Ackerman, 1979, p. 4). Corporations, which were firing off mostly by an older generation, were quick to dismiss the changing tides as a few home kids on campus (Wilson, 2000, p. 8).However, as pressure mounted on American corporations, many politicians took the mantle and conducted congressional hearings to investigate corporate scandals. Starting in the late 60s corporations general mentality began to change as they felt the impact on their corporate image and their bottom line (Wilson, 2000, p. 10). Though there had forever and a day been tension between the public and business, not until the 60s was there such a upstanding public backlash to corporate scandals. Starting with boycotts of the Civil Rights Movement and the agricultural sector, businesses began to change their attitudes towards the public.This was exacerbated with the scandal of nest, who, for decades, change infant formula as a substitute for breast milk in many maturation nations with devastating effects on infant development (Richter, 2001, p. 50). Also during the Vietnam War, Dow Chemical, the major producer of napalm and Agent orangeness saw their public image devastated. The two chemicals that they change to the US government compounded the pain and harm of the Vietnamese people and many in the US began to protest and boycott their products. Later in the twentieth century Nike was found to have unfair hold outing conditions in many of its factories in developing nations.This scandal, like that of Nestle and many others, had a detrimental effect on the companys reputation and ultimately their salary. US corporations knew they had to react to stay competitive in the changing world. American firms changed from being reactionary to social and political scandals to being pro-active. In an attempt to restore their image with the public they started to invest in what is at a time known as Corporate Social Responsibility. Problems with Corporate Social Responsibility Porter and Kramer in their work Strategy and Society (Harvard Business Review, 2006, p. ), remark that there are four main arguments for Corporate Social Responsibility moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. However, most companies CSR approaches were created and implanted to bolster their reputations. Not that this is particularly unfounded because in this market economy many companies live or die by their reputations. Their CSR policies can produce whatsoever societal benefits. However, many focus on short term defensive reactions with minimal harbor to society and no strategic benefit for the business (Porter, Kremer, 2006 p. ). Porter and Kremer (2006) also state that all four of these rationales deal out the same weakness they focus on the tension between business and society rather than on their interdependence. They mostly focus on resultant roles that are un related to to their business practice and set up kindly programs designed to bolster their corporate image (p 4). For example Ford, which up until recently, were having monetary difficulties, donated a large percentage of money to help develop an environmentally friendly high tech football stadium for the Detroit Lions.The predilection was well intentioned but keeping the money and investing in many of their Midwest plants could have unplowed them from shutting down, thus preserving jobs and stock holder equity (Olowski, p. 12). The major criticis m of CSR is that it is a shield against corporations wrong doings. One might argue that they are trying to buy the publics support by investing in projects that will gain them notoriety. Though CSR in this state whitethorn be well intentioned, giving money away frivolously does little to assist the business and in most cases does little for society.This is unfortunate, because corporations possess vast re root words and have the potential to create a lasting impact. Companies have a symbiotic relationship with the communities in which they live and do business. An unhealthy community is not a good environment for firms and likewise an unhealthy company does not benefit the community. A company that seeks profits at the expense of its people will be unsuccessful. However the reverse is also true citizens who attempt to drive out successful businesses will only end up hurting their communities.Only by recognizing the linkage between the two will the tension between society and busine ss be tempered. As Wilson states in his book, The New Rules of Corporate Conduct (2000, p. 16) But the scene (CSR) is ever in motion. There is no tip of stability and equilibrium. Where we are now is not a settled end point but a springboard to the future. The new concept of Creating Shared Value attempts to restore the balance and equilibrium between society and business. Creating Shared Value Porter and Kramer wrote in their study, Strategy and Society (2006, P. ) that no business can puzzle out all of lifes ills. Companies, historically, have used CSR to focus on issues not related to their business model and have gotten mixed results both from society and their bottom line. This is not a sustainable business model because it does not create wealth potential. Many CRS initiatives have been disregarded by firms due to insufficiency of share holder interest and monetary problems. Instead, Porter and Kramer argue that a more sustainable organization should benefit both parties. Firms, wanting to engage in CSR, should focus on a single issue that creates shared value between the business and society. By focusing on social issues directly related to the business they can create a greater impact that is measurable and sustainable. In essence, Creating Shared Value is about benefiting the society and the company. When the two come together to create shared value both benefit tremendously and the tension is lessened. A good example of the concept of Creating Shared Value comes from an unlikely source Nestle.Although they partook in some unforgivable business practices, they possess some redeeming qualities. In the 1960s Nestle built a dairy in the northern Indian province of Moga. This was an extremely poverty soft on(p) area where farmers lacked refrigeration and veterinary condole with for their cows. Nestle built refrigerated collection points in each town and sent its trucks to come and collect milk from each farmer. Nestle also provided veterinary care a nd information to the farmers not only for their benefit but to ensure that the milk they were receiving was of high quality.The relationship between the farmers of Moga and Nestle continued to grow and benefited both tremendously. When Nestle opened its first dairy, they had only 180 farmers who sold milk. As of when this study was produced there are now over 75,000 (Porter, Kramer, 2006 p. 11). Now Moga has a significantly higher standard of living in comparison with other provinces of India. Nestle benefited by entering into a new market and gaining a competitive advantage without having to pay middlemen for their milk. This is a good example of how shared value can benefit both the society and the business.CONCLUSION Throughout human history many have attempted to resolve the conflict between economics and society. Even in the early stages of the United States our founding fathers recognised that a strong economy would foster an even stronger society. As Henton, Melville and Wal esh state in their book The Civically diligent Reader (2004, P. 91) Adams and Madison reconciled these extremes with their pragmatic view that civic government and free markets could channel self-centeredness toward public good. The modern commercial society developed from a market economy based on shared principals. During the modern era, many companies attempted to diminish the tension between their business and the surrounding society with the creation of Corporate Social Responsibility. They figured that if they invested in social programs their image would not be negatively affected. Ultimately, CSR was a failure because it did not recognize the link between society and business. Instead, it focused solely on preserving the companies reputation without realizing the potential business opportunities that the commonalities could create.Creating Shared Value attempts to fix the failings of CSR by concentrating on the linkage between society and business and creating opportunitie s that benefit both parties. As Porter and Kramer state in Strategy and Society (2006, P 13) Efforts to find shared value in operating practices and in the social dimensions of competitive linguistic context have the potential not only to foster economic and social development but to change the way companies and society think about each other.Only by realizing that society and economics engage in a symbiotic relationship will we be able to extinguish the tension between the two. plant life Cited Olowski, Lew J. Corporate Social Responsibility Its History, Ethical Justification, And Abuses in the Business World. Retrieved from http//www. rockhurst. edu/news/events/images/projecti/olowski. pdf Porter, M. E. , Kramer, M. R. (2006) Strategy and Society. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http//www. salesforcefoundation. org/files/HBR-CompetiveAdvAndCSR. pdf Henton, D. , Melville J. , Walesh K. 2004). Civic Revolutionaries. San Francisco, CA Jossey Bass. Wilson, I. (2000). The New Rules of Corporate Conduct Rewriting the Social Charter. Westport, CT Quorum Books. Davis, L. E. , Hughes, J. R. , McDougall, D. M. (1969). American sparing History The Development of a National Economy. Homewood, IL Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Richter, J. (2001). Holding Corporations Accountable. New York, NY Zed Books Ltd. Ackerman, R. W. , Bauer, R. A. (1979). Corporate Social Responsiveness The Modern Dilemma. Reston, VA Reston Publishing Company, Inc.